Reaserch: Ceramics Glazes Techniques

Brushing

Brush Marks 

Brushing technique 

The brushing technique is suitable for both base and decorative layers. The choice of brush size plays an important role in this technique. The next thing worth remembering is the fact that when painting, when we paint the first layer with horizontal movements, we should paint the next layer with vertical movements. Another important piece of information when using the glazing technique is the amount of glaze on the brush - if we apply too much of it, a streaky effect may occur (diamondcoretools.com, 2023).  To avoid the streaking effect, you can use a Chinese brush. They are constructed using bamboo stems, which make the brush soft. Using a soft brush when glazing makes application and spreading easier, which can minimize streaking effects. Japanese brushes with the original name Hake also work well with this technique. If we want to achieve a smoother hanging, it is worth considering using a painting roller. It will leave a texture on the dish, but the effect will be closer to smooth.

Technically, it is best to use unfired or green vessels for this method, due to the sucking of wet glaze from the brush. Most often, this technique is used on already fired vessels, where stains are not a problem or a specific quality of the brush is required (Hopper, 2018). This technique is for people who know the types of brushes and their properties well. People, who are familiar with painting techniques and who feel free to paint would feel equally good.

Dipping

Dipping Technique

This technique is most often used to obtain a thin layer on the cover of a ceramic product. This technique gives the option to dip the object in the glaze once to obtain a more delicate layer that can later be decorated. Or could dip the item in the glaze twice to get a stronger colour and a thicker covering layer (diamondcoretools.com, 2023). I think this could be a useful technique in my project since I'm thinking about combining two glazes together. In my project, I include a colour option in which the ceramic decoration has a cracking glaze that turns into an opalescent glaze. I need to do some technical research to see if such a connection is possible.

References:

DiamondCore Tools. (n.d.). Fire It Up Series: Glazing Techniques. [online] Available at: https://diamondcoretools.com/blogs/resources/pottery-glazing-techniques [Accessed 1 Feb. 2024].

Hopper, R. (2018). 8 Ways to Apply Glaze. [online] https://ceramicartsnetwork.org/. Available at: https://ceramicartsnetwork.org/pottery-making-illustrated/pottery-making-illustrated-article/8-Ways-to-Apply-Glaze# [Accessed 1 Feb. 2024].

Health Ceramics (n.d.). Cathy & Robin on Instagram: ‘Dipping the glaze on a piece for our summer seasonal collection.’ | Heath ceramics, Ceramic glaze recipes, Ceramics. [online] Pinterest. Available at: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/cathy-robin-on-instagram-dipping-the-glaze-on-a-piece-for-our-summer-seasonal-collection--15199717465292122/ [Accessed 15 Feb. 2024].

Initial Design

At this point, I decided to make a paper mock-up for my first ceramic project. The goal was to capture a shape that looks like an insect wing. I made it from A3 paper and then connected the pieces with the painter's tape. The idea was to show the design in 3D. I connected two identical wing modules, leaving a space of about 3-4 cm between them. I want to make both sides with a different distance to give dimension to the vessel. In this space separating the two winged modules, I am going to make holes in which I will place shapes made of expanse resin.

Then, when I made a copy of the model, I reduced its dimensions. I also made five additional copies to make a test version of the pattern I would like to achieve on the wings. I also described procedures such as cutting out a partial or complete ceramic mass or glaze with various effects. Next, I intend to present everything to a person working in a ceramics workshop to find out whether my ideas can be implemented technically.

At this stage, these are sketches and plans that I intend to turn into an interesting version of a ceramic vessel. While making a sketch version of the patterns, I came to the conclusion that some looked more interesting, but since I have no experience in making ceramics, I decided not to give up any of them. During trial tests on ceramics, it may turn out that what looks uninteresting in the sketch may turn out to be much more beneficial on ceramics. Just as some patterns may turn out to be too detailed, making them difficult to translate into ceramic mass. As I have no experience working with this material, I decided to try all the patterns anyway.
 

Research: Basic Ceramic Tools

The Spruce / Ran Zheng

 In this stage of researching I would like to know a little bit more about ceramic materials and tools that I could use to make my projects. In the future, I think I will also do research about local shops and the equipment that they have because I think could be useful if I am out of materials and don't have time to order something online. 

Towels and Apron

An apron is useful when you don't want to dirty your own clothes. Ceramic mass itself is a dirty mass, but dust left on tables and tools during the creation can also leave visible dirt. It is a mass that can be washed off, but the apron will definitely help you avoid unnecessary dirt.

The towels are placed on the table before the process of rolling out the ceramic mass. This helps prevent the mass from sticking to the table. The towel makes it easier to work with the mass during fighting.

Fettling Knives

These knives are available with two versions of blades: soft and hard. Softer blades are more flexible, making them easier to bend, which can make it easier to cut more complex patterns. Hard ones are not so flexible, which makes it easier to maintain a confusing angle or cut more precise lines.

Wooden slats

These are thin wooden strips that are used to determine the height when rolling the ceramic mass. They act as a kind of guide for the fight.

Ribs and Scrapers

These tools help in smoothing the ceramic mass. They are also helpful when forming the mass on the potter's wheel. Could be used when working with manual mass improvement. These tools can smooth the edges of glued-together parts of the ceramic mass, making the place where the parts are joined smooth and invisible.

Loop, Wire, and Ribbon Tools

Useful tools when cutting ceramic mass, for example when finishing a vessel to straighten the ending. They can be used to cut out recesses, holes, and patterns, and also to cut a ceramic product in half (using a wire). Also useful when cutting out patterns, e.g. in the scraffito technique, in which you cut out delicate patterns.

References:

Peterson, B. (2019b). A Quick Guide to Basic Pottery Tools. [online] www.thesprucecrafts.com. Available at: https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/survey-of-basic-pottery-tools-2746328 [Accessed 26 Jan. 2024].

Mussi, Susan . “Ceramic Dictionary - by Susan Mussi: SLATS.” Ceramicdictionary.com, ceramicdictionary.com/en/s/581/slats#:~:text=Slats%20are%20thin%20pairs%20of. Accessed 26 Jan. 2024.

Artist Research: Nigel Hoyle

Nigel Hoyle -Art Teacher and Ceramicist living in West Yorkshire. His ceramic panels (example photo below ) are sold in the price range of 75£-850£. He also creates pottery, sculptures and pots. 

"Victoria" by Nigel Hoyle

 

What caught my attention in N. Hoyle's works was the effect of cracks in the ceramics forming interesting patterns. They reminded me of the patterns on the wings of a dragonfly or a butterfly, for example. This is something unusual that I hopefully could use in my project. His works are unique, combining colours and cracks with screen-printed images to create a unique final impression. I need to expand my technical knowledge regarding this technique. These cracks and imperfections also remind me of nature. Since primitivism is the theme that my works are inspired by, I consider it an interesting connection to my works. The whole creation process seems slightly complicated, so I am considering using a glaze that will give a similar visual effect, instead of imitating the process given by the author of the work.

On the author's website I even found a technical explanation of how to achieve this effect. In terms of current technical knowledge, it doesn't tell me much, but I'm sure I'll use this knowledge when I create a project. "All of my panels, diptychs, triptychs and pentaptychs are individual works of art, signed and one-offs.    Please take a look at some of my other panels, diptychs and triptychs  in my Victoria  Series collection.  The panels are fired to 1250 C with a plain black and transparent glaze where there is a screen-printed image featured. Then a thick porcelain slip is applied with mark-making around the resisted image.  This is manipulated to control the process of cracking. Several glazes and raw materials are then added to define the mood and atmosphere of the piece. It is then re-fired to 1260 C during which the textures take hold in the re-melted glazes." Hoyle (no data). 

References:

Nigel Hoyle Ceramics. (n.d.). Victoria Exhibition Portfolio Panel by Nigel Hoyle Ceramics. [online] Available at: https://nigelhoyleceramics.co.uk/product/victoria/ [Accessed 25 Jan. 2024].

magicrockbrewing.com. (n.d.). Town Lager - Love Local. [online] Available at: https://magicrockbrewing.com/blogs/news/town-lager-love-local.

Marsh, I. and Robison, J. (2010). Slab Techniques. A&C Black., p.12

Artist Research: George Bowes

George Bowes

George Bowls (born 1961 in Ohio) is a current ceramics artist. George Bowls (born 1961 in Ohio) is a current ceramics artist. In the initial stage of his studies at the Cleveland Institute of Art, he wanted to become a painter, but the institute offered interesting ceramics workshops that completely absorbed him. due to which he changed his direction and chose ceramics as his main subject. I cant find any information about how he created his sculptures. I think it could be also slab technique construction, same as he could use a potter's wheel for make it.   

Serving Bowl by George Bowes

 

Contemporary Modern Memphis Signed Ceramic Art Vase Vessel George Bowes 1990s

In Bowes's work, I am inspired by how he creates his works in non-obvious, irregular shapes. In my project, I also want to focus on shapes that will differ from the basic ones. For example, a blue vessel, resembles paintings, and its shape adapts to the shape of the picture and not the other way around, in the sense that it is not a basic vase with a drawn frame, but this vessel is currently the frame of the picture.

I'm thinking about combining repeated shapes and motifs that make up the whole. The colours used in the artist's works are too bright for me. My designs are inspired by the era of impressionism and post-impressionism, so when choosing colours I will focus on more subdued colours, mainly blue.

References

Bowes, G. (2013). Serving Bowl - George Bowes. [online] The Rosenfield Collection. Available at: https://www.rosenfieldcollection.com/b136/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2024].

1stDibs.com. (n.d.). Contemporary Modern Memphis Signed Ceramic Art Vase Vessel George Bowes 1990s. [online] Available at: https://www.1stdibs.com/furniture/decorative-objects/vases-vessels/vases/contemporary-modern-memphis-signed-ceramic-art-vase-vessel-george-bowes-1990s/id-f_17842001/#zoomModalOpen [Accessed 24 Jan. 2024].

Stories, L. (2019). Check out George Bowes’ Artwork - Voyage Houston Magazine | Houston City Guide. [online] voyagehouston.com. Available at: https://voyagehouston.com/interview/check-george-bowess-artwork/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2024].

www.themarksproject.org. (n.d.). Bowes | The Marks Project. [online] Available at: https://www.themarksproject.org/marks/bowes [Accessed 24 Jan. 2024].

Project Sign Off

 Sign Off

While discussing the project, the teacher suggested that I could switch from working with glass to epoxy resins. I find this to be a great change for my project. The resin is a transparent product and goes hard after drying, making it easier to work with. Also, we negotiated that we change six 2d projects and one 3d project to 3-4 2d projects and 3-4 3d projects because it's more suitable for my future degree- Crafts Design, where my major task will be doing 3d projects. The teacher also assured me that she would help me accelerate my induction to ceramics workshops, as I had never dealt with this material before. 

My next steps are to do some research about famous artists who work with ceramics and also check my target audience for this project.

Initial Reaserch: Artists and their paintings

My project is inspired by the works of famous artists, mainly from the Impressionist and Post-Impresionist periods. When selecting my works, I pay attention to blue and green colors. This is because I would like to use opalite or a blue shade of glass as a transparent material. The first work that is inspired is Claude Monete's painting "Sunrise".

Claude Monet "Sunrise" (1872)

This famous painting depicts a sunrise in the French port of Le Havre. Orange and yellow shades are shown in contrast with dark objects. The work has very delicate, even sketchy brush strokes, so much so that the canvas itself is visible in places. The artist himself considered the work unfinished. Currently, Monet's "Sunrise" is considered one of the most outstanding works of Impressionism.  

However, my color inspiration from this work is delicate shades of blue and green.

Claude Monet's "Water Lilies" (1906)

During 29 years (1897-1926) Claude Monet painted about 250 paintings depicting aquatic nature, mainly: Water lilies. Throughout his career, the artist often focused on one aspect, and painted from different perspectives, in a different aspect. His works from this water nature series are considered stunning, although the artist was already struggling with his eyesight due to worsening cataracts.

I am inspired by the wonderful shades of blue, smoothly turning into green. The entire color composition is stunning and I plan to use it as inspiration in my project.

Vincent van Gogh's "The Starry Night" 1889

Detail of Sky

Vincent van Gogh painted many impressive works in his short career. The Starry Night is one of his most outstanding works. The village featured in the painting is the place where the artist stayed. More specifically, it is a view from the window of a psychiatric hospital in France. The artist's well-known mental problems had a major impact on the artist's work. 

My attention was attracted by the combination of the dark sky with radiant stars and the moon. The freedom with which Van Gogh painted the sky, and delicate and very detailed brush strokes giving different shades of blue and yellow gave a wonderful effect. It reminds me of the technique called sgraffito, which is used in ceramic products.

References:

(No date a) Impression sunrise by Claude Monet. Available at: https://www.claude-monet.com/impression-sunrise.jsp (Accessed: 18 January 2024). 

King & McGaw. (n.d.). Impression, Sunrise by Claude Monet - art print from King & McGaw. [online] Available at: https://www.kingandmcgaw.com/prints/claude-monet/impression-sunrise-354578#354578::border:50_frame:880603_glass:770007_media:1_mount:108644_mount-width:50_size:618 [Accessed 18 Jan. 2024].

Monet's Water Lilies: Their History and Evolution | Art&Object. (n.d.). Art&Object. https://www.artandobject.com/news/monets-water-lilies-their-history-and-evolution

My Modern Met. (2018). Art History: How Van Gogh’s ‘The Starry Night’ Came to Be and Continues to Inspire Artists. [online] Available at: https://mymodernmet.com/starry-night-van-gogh/.

DiamondCore Tools. (n.d.). How To Make Sgraffito Pottery. [online] Available at: https://diamondcoretools.com/blogs/resources/how-to-make-sgraffito-pottery.

Portfolio One: Project Statement

  In my project for AP1, I will focus on the primitivism theme. The final result will be six 2D works and one final 3D work. In my project I would like to combine the play of light and shadows using transparent materials, also I'm interested in animal motifs, especially insects. I would like to combine them into one. When it comes to the materials I would like to use in the project, for the current research, I was thinking about opal, colored glass as a part of the transparent part, and ceramics as the basic material. When it comes to colors, I would like to transfer colors with the works of famous artists from the period of impressionism. That will be colors for the base - ceramics, with colorful transparent accessories- glass. I was also considering using a 3D printer to make ready-made cutouts in the shape of a selected insect, in ceramic mass, or a roller with a pattern. The symbols on the pattern would refer to primitivism, in which symbols were assigned their own meaning. I think it could add more precision and details to my work. My inspiration in creating my work is the works of artists from the Impressionism period. 

As a ready-made 3D project, I intended to create ceramic pottery with insect motifs in a simple, primitive form. The body part of which will be replaced with transparent materials. As a result, I want to create pottery that, under the influence of light, will show differences between light and shadows. 

Examples of famous artists from the Impressionist period:

z

Claude Monet "Sunrise"

Claude Monet "Water Lilies"(1906)

Pierre Auguste Renoir "The Umbrellas"

References:

Japan, T. (2023) 10 Japanese patterns (Wagara) steeped in history and their traditional meaning, BECOS. Available at: https://en.thebecos.com/blogs/column/10-japanese-patterns-steeped-in-history-and-their-traditional-meaning (Accessed: 11 January 2024). 

The umbrellas (renoir) (2023) Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Umbrellas_(Renoir) (Accessed: 18 January 2024). 

Monet, C. (1970) Water Lilies, The Art Institute of Chicago. Available at: https://www.artic.edu/artworks/16568/water-lilies (Accessed: 18 January 2024). 

Developing Ideas

The task in these classes was to choose one of many items as an object for inspiration. My choice was a bag with small decorative stones, such as those used for, for example, flower pots. At least that was my first thought. I chose them because of their unpredictable, non-obvious shapes and unique patterns.

While looking through the shapes I noticed that one type of stone had quite an interesting shine, which drew my attention to the element of light and its reflection/passing in front of objects. Then I started thinking about using this element in my project. Or more precisely, use light and shadows together. I haven't decided yet on the specific direction to use, but I know that I would like to use transparent material and colors to create a play of light, shadows, and colors. At first, I thought about the usual shapes of lamps, as my first association was a lamp, but then I started using the shape of the selected stone as a basis. It was a stone with an exceptionally thin side, which gave me the idea to use it as a row for lights. The exceptionally flat front of the stone could serve as a place for an imprinted pattern, an element for a painting, or as a base for more 3D options. These are the first, rough ideas that I hope will lead me further over time.

The next thing I thought of, looking at the irregular shapes of the stones, I thought of a children's play space. Their imagination has no limits and I think that such stone-shaped seats/blocks could have an interesting impact on their creativity. They could also be used as irregularly shaped pillows that would adapt to the current need for relaxation/play.

I consider it an interesting option, but what appeals to me more is the first idea that came to me while looking at the stone - light.

Initial Ideas generation (Crazy Eights)

To briefly explain the rules of Crazy Eights:

We divided the sheet of paper into eight parts. We had to draw a creative idea for each of them, no matter how absurd they might seem. We had two minutes for each idea. Our ideas consist of places, colors, shapes, and materials that inspire us. An interesting way to draw out ideas at some point that might be criticized or even rejected, with more time to analyze them. With only 2 minutes, our minds didn't have time for it. Through this form of entertainment, we were forced to think creatively.

During eight two-minute rounds, ideas such as floral patterns, a set of ceramic dishes, a meadow motif, an insect motif, jewelry with insect motifs, and strange shapes of vessels were created in my head. Ideas such as meadows, floral and insect motifs, various shapes of vases, vessels, and jewelry motifs appeared in my head.

I chose the meadow motif as the main one for my further search for inspiration. This led to ideas such as:

Vases with floral motifs that are reflected on the ceramic mass or glued to it, create a more 3D effect.

Jewelry in which eared flowers would be immersed in various organic forms.

The motif of the wing of a flying insect, for example, a dragonfly, is the main shape motif.

Bearings whose main shape is the wing of a dragonfly 

An irregularly shaped stick with macrame flowers and weaves depicting a tree combined with a meadow motif.

A decoration for a children's room, a circle on which decorations with motifs such as bees, flowers, and pompoms in the colors of nature would be hung.

Necklaces with leaf motifs and weaves imitating interconnected roots. Brown, beige, and shades of green colors.

Some ideas were immediately rejected by me, but some of them I find quite interesting. As I continue to research and look more closely at each of them, I think I will find what I am looking for. Even if I don't use all of them, I hope that at least some parts of them will be useful in the main project.

First Thoughts on the Project Themes

My first feelings about the three presented therms: primitivism, Pop Art, and Industrial. Primitivism appeals to me the most because of its strong bond with nature, and the symbolism of symbols and patterns. An interesting solution could be to combine Tim Burton's gothic style or Japanese culture with ceramics materials.

When it comes to Japanese patterns, I was thinking about creating a ceramic project based on Japanese culture. Using traditional Japanese patterns, create something similar to the pottery created in the Yayoi period. This was the stage in which people with a nomadic lifestyle began to settle in one place.  There has been an increased interest in ceramic products for everyday use.

I thought this combination might be interesting. To create this project, I was thinking about using a 3D printer to create patterns and cutters/rollers that could be used in combination with ceramics. 

I think it will be a good idea to expand knowledge about Japanese history, their methods of creating handicrafts, and national patterns. 

Japanese Patterns

Ceramics from the Yayoi period 

I'm also thinking about combining T. Burton's gothic style with therms pop art. Creating a pattern that could be used as part of a larger project.  Maybe use dark colors with cartoonish, exaggerated proportions of the characters. 

Gotham is true to its name with layers of Gothic architecture in Burton's Batman (1989)

I found such color palettes for the Gothic style. You can notice that dark colors predominate in them. Dark shades of purple, blue, and red. Then more delicate shades of pink, beige, and gray.

This is what my first ideas look like. However, I don't want to stick only to what first came to my mind. Some of them will definitely stay with me until the final project. However, I am sure that some of them will change as I deepen my knowledge on this subject.

References:

Romano, A. (2019) Tim Burton has built his career around an iconic visual aesthetic. here’s how it evolved., Vox. Available at: https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/4/17/18285309/tim-burton-films-visual-style-aesthetic-disney-explained (Accessed: 11 January 2024). 

The Spaceshipper (2021) Dune (2021): Space Guild Costume Design, art by Keith Christensencostume designer Jacqueline West: ‘it’s all quite ecclesiastic. I looked to a lot of drawings and murals from the avignon papacy in the 1200s, but we made it look more ominous with those big dome headdresses...’ pic.twitter.com/kvduh0dree, Twitter. Available at: https://twitter.com/thespaceshipper/status/1457002336598040577 (Accessed: 11 January 2024).

Art, D. of A. (1AD) Yayoi culture (ca. 300 B.C.–300 A.D.): Essay: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn timeline of art history, The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Available at: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yayo/hd_yayo.htm (Accessed: 11 January 2024).  

Goth colors color palette (no date) Color Hex Codes. Available at: https://www.color-hex.com/color-palette/62917 (Accessed: 11 January 2024). 

Ice Breaker Challenge/ Recreating an Artwork

The first ice-breaking task was to get into groups of two and reproduce known artworks. Together with Piotr, we chose "Whistler's Mother" painting by James McNeill. We started the work by setting up the background. We chose a blue paper towel for the hands as the main material because of the similar colors. Then, in the box with materials, we found a black dress and scraps of blue material, which we decided to use as details. Black paper was used as the bottom of the background. Then we chose a chair as the foreground decorations and a cardboard box as a footstool.

The next step was to have professional make-up done by a local professional, that is me. We used acrylic farms as a color palette, which we mixed together until a satisfactory effect was achieved. Cosmetic version of IKEA.

As a costume, we used black leather material, a blonde wig, and two pieces of white lace, which we used as a head cover and accessories for the hands. 

I think we managed to keep it similar to the original through the colors and details such as the footstool and the painting on the wall. Also, the expression of the model - Piotr, was perfectly reproduced with the original.

 I consider it a success to choose our target image as a background element. a fun detail that captures the spirit of this assignment. Unfortunately, we missed one detail, or more precisely, the position of the head cover, which should be more to the side, but in our work, it is in front of the torso.

A few words about the artwork " Whistler's Mother" painting by James McNeill"

The original version of this artwork can be seen in Paris, at the Clark Art Institute in Williamstown with the Musée d'Orsay. Interestingly, it is the first American work that was bought by the French state and today it remains one of the most important American works outside the country. As for interesting facts from the life of the title character. Whistler's Mother, Anna Whistler, gave birth to five sons, but only William and James lived to adulthood. (Schieldahl, 2015)

References:

Schjeldahl, P. (2015) Why is ‘Whistler’s mother’ so iconic?, The New Yorker. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/08/31/moms-home (Accessed: 11 January 2024). 

Welcome to Art Portfolio

Welcome back after a Christmas break! 

Quick reminder: my name is Aleksandra and this semester I will continue this blog on the subject - Art Portfolio. My goal is to study Crafts Design in the next academic year.  

During the break, I spend most of my time resting and gaining strength for new artistic challenges. Among more ambitious activities I borrowed a few books about ceramics, like a book of Pablo Picasso's ceramic works - "Picasso and ceramics" by Hazan, from the DMU library. Also during my visit to Poland, my family and I went to Karpacz. Cities with a beautiful architectural church - Vang Stave Church. 

That’s my photograph of Vang Stave Church 

I also try to draw the Vang Stave Church in my free time. And one more picture of the building that I found on Pinterest. In the future, I want to finish them with the watercolour technique. 

While resting, I managed to catch up on watching the new movie adaptation of the epic science fiction novel Dune written by Frank Herbert. Costume design: Jacqueline West and Bob Morgan did a really great job. The costumes in this adaptation are just amazing.

Dune (2021): Space Guild costume design, art by Keith Christensen

"Well, as I mentioned, I based all of the Atreides armor on the Templars, so this idea came up in conversation with Denis very early on about how the Catholic Church condemned the Templars, so I thought perhaps the Spacing Guild should be quite ecclesiastic. I thought it was a good symbol — with the ruling body going after House Atreides, just like the king and the church went after the Templars for the most arbitrary reasons." (West, 2021)

The Space Guild costumes from "Dune" movie

References: 

Brzeski, P. (2021) ‘dune’ costume designer shares symbolic inspirations for epic’s visionary styles, The Hollywood Reporter. Available at: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/dune-costume-designer-jacqueline-west-interview-1235041394/ (Accessed: 11 January 2024).

The Spaceshipper (2021) Dune (2021): Space Guild Costume Design, art by Keith Christensencostume designer Jacqueline West: ‘it’s all quite ecclesiastic. I looked to a lot of drawings and murals from the avignon papacy in the 1200s, but we made it look more ominous with those big dome headdresses...’ pic.twitter.com/kvduh0dree, Twitter. Available at: https://twitter.com/thespaceshipper/status/1457002336598040577 (Accessed: 11 January 2024).